Case scenario: perioperative airway management of a patient with tracheal stenosis.

TRACHEAL stenosis is a rare but a life-threatening condition and is caused by congenital problems, postintubation injury, trauma, tracheal tumor, and compression of the trachea by tumor. Although accurate prevalence of this condition is unknown, an incidence of 4.9 cases per million per year is estimated for postintubation tracheal stenosis. A stenosis commonly occurs at the cuff of the tube (intrathoracic trachea) or at the level of the tracheostomy stoma (extrathoracic trachea). Anesthesia of a patient with tracheal stenosis is challenging for anesthesiologists. Depending on the severity and location of the stenosis and the type of surgical procedure, there may be a variety of choices for perioperative airway management such as a facemask, laryngeal mask airway, an tracheal intubation tube, cardiopulmonary bypass, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway primarily focus airway problems caused at the extrathoracic airway and may not be helpful, particularly for managing patients with intrathoracic tracheal stenosis. In this case scenario, we present a patient with severe intrathoracic tracheal stenosis, who required surgery for a lumbar fracture in the prone position. Various airway management strategies and the actual management used are discussed.